ISSN 1831-9424 20 w 30 w 6 w 0双 .2 03 碳 06 文 0. 库 vi p CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY OBSERVATORY STATUS REPORT ON TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, TRENDS, VALUE CHAINS & MARKETS 2 0 2 3 Smart grids in the European Union EUR 31673 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Antonio De Paola Address: Via Enrico Fermi, 2749 Email: antonio.de-paola@ec.europa.eu EU Science Hub https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu JRC134988 EUR 31673 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-68-07825-9 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/237911 KJ-NA-31-673-EN-N © European Union, 2023 20 w 30 w 6 w 0双 .2 03 碳 06 文 0. 库 vi p Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023 The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the European Union/European Atomic Energy Community, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the following elements: - Cover page illustration: infra Fotolia_65145278 - Any other images so indicated in the body of the document How to cite this report: De Paola, A., Andreadou, N., Kotsakis, E., Clean Energy Technology Observatory: Smart Grids in the European Union - 2023 Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023, doi:10.2760/237911, JRC134988. Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Foreword on the Clean Energy Technology Observatory ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Scope and context ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) Technologies ................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Smar