Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LEBANON World Bank Group Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA March 2024 West Bank and Gaza Country Climate and Development Report i © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group with external contributions. “The World Bank Group” refers to the legally separate organizations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the content included in this work, or the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations of the World Bank Group, their respective Boards of Executive Directors, and the governments they represent. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only and are not intended to constitute legal, securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of any type. Some of the organizations of the World Bank Group or their affiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice or services to, or otherwise have a financial interest in, certain of the companies and parties named herein. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of any of the organizations of The World Bank Group, all of which are specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given and all further permissions that may be required for such use (as noted herein) are acquired. The World Bank Group does not warrant that the content contained in this work will not infringe on the rights of third parties, and accepts no responsibility or liability in this regard. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. The Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) is a World Bank core analytical product that integrates climate change and development diagnostics. The boundaries, colors, maps and any other information or denominations in this report do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the status of any territory or any of its boundaries. CCDRs use a standard set of tools and approaches that have been herein customized to the specific context of Lebanon. CCDRs typically feed into other core World Bank reports, engagements and operations, with a view of highlighting high-impact policy priorities at the intersection of climate and development action, as well as to encourage and catalyze financing of those identified priorities. MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LEBANON World Bank Group March 2024 List of Acronyms................................. iv Acknowledgments............................... v Executive Summary............................. I 2. Climate Commitments, Policies, and Engagement.............. 9 2.1. Ambitious Climate Commitments and Lagging Implementation................................. 9 1. Development and Climate Context...............................1 2.2. Climate Change Governance and Citizen Engagement.............................................. 12 1.1. Economic and Social Challenges Amid a Compounded Crisis.................................... 1 1.2. Climate Change and Development Challenges......