I Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2023 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. World Bank. 2023. Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment for Ghana. © World Bank All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: © Resolution / World Bank II CLIMATE AND HEALTH VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR GHANA III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was done by: Prof. Mawuli Dzodzomenyo (Lead), University of Ghana, Legon; Dr. Margaret Appiah, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya; Dr. Naomi Kumi, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani; Dr. Jeffrey Nii Armah Aryee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi; Prof. Duah Dwomoh University of Ghana, Legon; and Prof. Benjamin Delali Dovie, University of Ghana, Legon. Contributions were provided by the World Bank Health, Nutrition and Population team in Ghana: Patrick Mullen, Human Development Program Leader; Enoch Oti Agyekum, Health Economist; Akriti Mehta, Consultant; Pearl Opoku Youngmann, Liaison Officer, Global Financing Facility; and Leila Fall, Human Development Analyst. The report reflects valuable inputs from: the ministries of Health, Agriculture, Science Technology and Environment, and Water and Sanitation; the Atomic Energy Commission; and representatives of civil society. The team acknowledges Mr. Kwakye Kontor, Ministry of Health, and Dr. Carl Osei, Ghana Health Service, for their technical support and advice. The team appreciates the Ghana Health Service, which provided data through the Centre for Health Information Management, and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, which provided data on sea-level rise. Finally, the team expresses its thanks to all stakeholders who took the time to provide information and input. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................................IX LIST OF ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................X 1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND..........................................................................11 Objective and conceptual framework.......................................................................................13 Approach and methodology........................................................................................................13 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. OVERVIEW OF GHANA COUNTRY CONTEXT.............................................................15 Geography........................................................................................................................................15 Current climate and environment...............................................................................................15 Population and demographic trends.........................................................................................17 Economic development.............................