How Improving Public Transport and Shared Mobility Can Reduce Urban Passenger Carbon Emissions Scenario Results and Policy Findings Reducing urban passenger emissions Urban travel accounts for 40% of passenger transport’s global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and contributes significantly to local pollutant emissions in cities.1 Urban transport demand increases as income and population rise, and is dominated by privately owned vehicles. Private vehicles emit more carbon and consume more urban space than collective (public transport and shared vehicles) and active transport modes. As urbanisation increases, the increase of private vehicles limits accessibility and mobility. Improving public transport services and incentivising the use of collective and active modes can make those modes more convenient, comfortable and accessible. Improvements for public transport can include more frequent services or higher operating speeds. Incentives to increase the supply of shared modes can include increasing licenses for ridesharing activities, or allocating urban space for sharedactive modes. Such measures can enable a shift from privately owned vehicles to collective and active transport modes, reducing CO2 emissions from the urban passenger transport sector as a whole. This study looks at projections for urban passenger emissions if governments maintain current policies. Next, it presents two sets of urban passenger transport policy measures – one set for public transport, the other for shared transport modes – and the effects of each. It then looks at the effects of combining the two sets of measures in the Sustainable Urban Transport Supply (SUTS) scenario. Finally, the study presents the Integrated Sustainable Urban Mobility (ISUM) scenario, wherein the SUTS scenario is supplemented with improvement in infrastructure for collective and active modes. 1 ITF (2021), ITF Transport Outlook 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/16826a30-en. www.itf-oecd.org 2 Key findings  Improving public transport service and operations alone sees a marginal increase in the share of public transport trips.  Investing in shared modes can shift trips away from privately owned vehicles, but shared modes carry fewer passengers per trip than public transport, making them less productive. Shared-active modes are not attractive for longer trips.  Policy measures to improve public transport combined with incentives for shared modes complement each other. Together, they shift trips away from privately owned vehicles to collective modes, resulting in an overall 4% decrease in emissions.  Investing in infrastructure to prioritise collective and active modes increases the use of these modes. Combining infrastructure investment with improvements to public transport and incentives for shared modes results in an 8% reduction in emissions.  Improving the efficiency of informal vehicles in emerging economies where they are most used can result in an additional 4% reduction in CO2 emissions globally. www.itf-oecd.org 3 Glossary Active modes All non-motorised modes (e.g. walking, cycling, scooters, roller-skating, skateboarding) and electric-powered bicycles and scooters. Collective modes All public transport and shared vehicles (see “Shared modes” below), in contrast to privately owned modes. Decide and provide Supplying transport infrastructure and service to meet agreed-upon policy outcomes. Informal modes Privately operated and often unregulated shared modes (e.g. privately owned rideshare vehicles, minibuses, twoand three-wheelers) operating on a demand-responsive basis. Paratransit Public transport-like services operating under unclear regulatory frameworks. Paratransit includes informal and flexible-route bus services. Predict and provide Supplying transport infrastructure and service to meet forecasted future demand. Private modes Privately owned personal motorised modes (e.g. private cars and motorcycles); synonymous with “privately owned vehicles” in this slide deck. www.itf-oecd.org 4 Glossary (cont.) Public transport Publically operated or regulated fixed-route and fixed-schedule modes (e.g. rail, metro, light rail transit (LRT), Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), bus). Regions Africa: the entire continent of Africa Asia-Oceania: North, Central and the Caucasus Region, East and South Asia, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands Europe: All of Europe, including Türkiye LAC: Latin America an