SMART CHARGING GUIDE ENGLISH EDITION 1 Colophon CONCEPT & EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Authors Frank Geerts, Eric van Kaathoven, Arjan Wargers and Paul Broos Co-authors Baerte de Brey, Rob Cillessen, Harm van den Brink, Lonneke Driessen, Bram van Eijsden, Lotte Gardien, Paul Klapwijk, Gijs van der Poel, Nazir Refa, Martijn Siemes, Thijs van Wijk, Marisca Zweistra Graphics Nazir Refa Thanks to Celine van Aalst, Jan van Rookhuyzen, Harm-Jan Idema, Rick Roor EDITORIAL The Smart Charging Guide is published by ElaadNL (The ElaadNL Foundation). PHOTOGRAPHY Arnhem, 29 February 2020 Photos All photos by ElaadNL unless otherwise titled Cover Patrick van Gemert CONTACT DETAILS Utrechtseweg 310 B42 6812 AR Arnhem Tel 026 31 20 223 Mail info@elaad.nl Twitter @elaadNL Website www.elaad.nl ONTWERP & DESIGN Layout & Design Chris Karthaus 2 Copyright © ElaadNL, 2020 Please contact ElaadNL should you wish to use data or information published in this edition. 4 Foreword 5 Chapter 1 Introduction 19 Chapter 2 The Challenge 37 Chapter 3 Smart Charging Section 3.1:Technical layer Section 3.2: Communication layer Section 3.3: Organisation layer Section 3.4: Legal layer 101 Chapter 4 How can we ensure Smart Charging becomes the norm? 109 Finally 110 List of abbreviations CONTENTS 3 Foreword Knowledge and innovation centre ElaadNL researches and tests the possibilities for Smart Charging. Together with our many partners, we conduct research into Smart Charging, i.e. smart and sustainable electric car charging. We believe that Smart Charging is a crucial building block on the way to a sustainable energy system for electric cars powered by sun and wind energy. But what is Smart Charging? Why is it necessary? What variants are there? Which parties play a role? How does it work in practice and what do we still have to do to make Smart Charging the norm? We looked for but could not find a publication that answered these questions. So we decided to publish this Smart Charging Guide ourselves, first in Dutch and now in English. We hope that it helps anyone who is not yet familiar with the form and function of Smart Charging, and that it provides new insights to those already familiar with it. I trust you will enjoy reading this guide, and should you be inspired, get in touch as we would like to work together in the further development and research of Smart Charging. Arnhem, 29 February 2020 Onoph Caron, director ElaadNL 4 Smart Charging is a crucial building block on the road to a sustainable energy system. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 The third power revolution The increasing importance of power in our lives: electric driving and self-generation of sustainable power. The arrival of the electric car and solar panels. The arrival of household electrical appliances. The light bulb replaces the gas lamp. Reliable, safe and clean light enters our households in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reducing our dependency on daylight for both work and life. 6 Halfway through the twentieth century, household electrical appliances come into our lives: the fridge, freezer, washing machine, iron and vacuum cleaner. As a result, household chores are no longer a day’s work. And now we’re in the middle of the third power revolution, with solar panels on our roofs and electric cars on our driveways. We increasingly heat our homes with electricity, we plug in to power our mobility, and we’re starting to generate and store electricity ourselves, for example in our electrically powered cars. 2030 emission free Introduction Europe is on the eve of a major mobility revolution. In a relatively short period, we’ll switch from petrol and diesel to electric driving. We’re on our way to achieving one of the key Paris 2015 climate agreements: to reduce transport emissions. In the Netherlands, this key message was translated by the coalition government into the following aim: by 2030 all new passenger vehicles must be emission-free. At the same time, electricity production is changing dramatically as we move from fossil fuels like coal and gas to renewable sources like sun and wind. These two trends come together when charging electric cars. So, let’s explore these trends a bit further. Photo Petrol pump Source: Pixabay 7 Electric cars: nothing new! The first fuel-powered cars were built at the end of the 19th century; they were very difficult to drive and especially to start. To start the engine, the d