© 2021 United Nations Environment Programme ISBN: 978-92-807-3890-2 Job number: DEW/2388/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Secretariat of the United Nations. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communication Division, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Some illustrations or graphics appearing in this publication may have been adapted from content published by third parties to illustrate the authors’ own interpretations of the key messages emerging from such third-party illustrations or graphics. In such cases, the material in this publication does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of United Nations Environment Programme concerning the source materials used as a basis for such graphics or illustrations. Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. © Maps, photos and illustrations as specified Suggested citation United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021: The Heat Is On – A World of Climate Promises Not Yet Delivered. Nairobi Production United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and UNEP DTU Partnership. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2021 Supported by: UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP's carbon footprint. The Heat Is On A world of climate promises not yet delivered Emissions Gap Report 2021 Emissions Gap Report 2021: The Heat Is On Acknowledgements The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) would like to thank the members of the steering committee, the lead and contributing authors, reviewers and the secretariat for their contribution to the preparation of this assessment report. Authors and reviewers have contributed to the report in their individual capacities. Their affiliations are only mentioned for identification purposes. for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan), Heleen van Soest (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the Netherlands), Jorge Villareal (Iniciativa Climatica, Mexico), Sachi Vohra (The Energy and Resources Institute [TERI], India), Lisa Wijayani (Institute for Essential Services Reform [IESR], Indonesia), William Wills (Eos Estratégia & Sustentabilidade, Brazil), Ryan Wilson (Climate Analytics, Germany) Steering committee Chapter 3 Juliane Berger (German Environment Agency), John Christensen (CONCITO [Denmark’s climate think tank]), Navroz K. Dubash (Centre for Policy Research, India), James Foster (UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy), Samuel Karslake (UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy), Mike Keoghan (UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy), Gerd Leipold (Climate Transparency), Jian Liu (UNEP), Simon Maxwell (independent), Surabi Menon (ClimateWorks Foundation), Bert Metz (European Climate Foundation), Katia Simeonova (independent), Oksana Tarasova (World Meteorological Organization) and Xuehong Wang (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]) Lead authors: Joeri Ro