IAEA COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SAFETY REVIEW OF THE ALPS-TREATED WATER AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION © IAEA, 2023 This is a report by the IAEA of the IAEA Review of Safety Related Aspects of Handling ALPS-Treated Water at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of IAEA Member States. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this report, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The IAEA assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or continuing existence of URLs for external or third party internet web sites referred to in this report and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. IAEA COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SAFETY REVIEW OF THE ALPS-TREATED WATER AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION Outline of the IAEA Comprehensive Report Director General’s Foreword III Executive Summary IV PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. The Comprehensive Report 9 1.3. The IAEA international safety standards 10 PART 2 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES 13 2.1. Responsibility for Safety 14 2.2. Role of the Government 15 2.3. Leadership and Management for Safety 17 2.4. Justification 18 2.5. Optimization of Protection 20 2.6. Limitation of Risks to Individuals 23 2.7. Protection of Present and Future Generations and their Environment 25 2.8. Prevention of Accidents 28 2.9. Emergency Preparedness and Response 29 2.10. Protective Actions to Reduce Existing Radiation Risks 31 PART 3 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS   33 3.1. Regulatory Control and Authorization 33 3.2. Safety Related Aspects of Systems and Processes for Controlling Discharges 43 3.3. Characterization of the Source 54 3.4. Radiological Environmental Impact Assessment 59 3.5. Source and Environmental Monitoring 84 3.6. Involvement of Interested Parties 94 3.7. Occupational Radiation Protection 98 PART 4 MONITORING, ANALYSIS, AND CORROBORATION 103 4.1. Overview of Corroboration Activities 103 PART 5 FUTURE ACTIVITIES 111 5.1. Review Missions 112 5.2. IAEA’s Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis 114 5.3. Real Time Monitoring 115 5.4. IAEA Continuous Presence at the FDNPS 116 REFERENCES 117 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 119 ANNEX 1: Summary of IAEA Review Missions and Published Technical Reports 121 ANNEX 2: Summary of relevant international safety standards used in the IAEA safety review 122 ANNEX 3: List of updates and amendments to TEPCO’s Implementation Plan and NRA Regulatory Review Milestones 123 ANNEX 4: Japan legal and regulatory provisions applied to the FDNPS 125 ANNEX 5: Tritium in the Environment 129 I Outline of the IAEA Comprehensive Report    FOREWORD by the Director General 1 Executive Summary  2 Part 1: Introduction and Background  5 1. Background 5 2. The Comprehensive Report x 3. IAEA International Safety Standards  x Part 2: Assessment of Adherence to the Fundamental Safety Principles  x 1. Principle 1 – Responsibility for safety  x 2. Principle 2 – Role of government  x 3. Principle 3 – Leadership and management for safety  x 4. Principle 4 – Justification of facilities and activities  x 5. Principle 5 – Optimization of protection  x 6. Principle 6 – Limitation of risks to individuals  x 7. Principle 7 – Protection of present and future generations  x 8. Principle 8 – Prevention of accidents  x 9. Principle 9 – Emergency preparedness and response  x 10. Principle 10 – Protection actions to reduce existing or unregulated radiation risks  x Part 3: Assessment of Adherence to the Safety Requirements   1. Regulatory control and authorization of discharges  2. Safety related aspects of systems a